NTUA is equipped with state-of-the-art instrumentation for chemical analysis. This includes Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers (AAS) for precise determination of metal concentrations, Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectrometers, both ICP-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ICP-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), for trace element analysis and quantification, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometer for elemental analysis, and Ultraviolet (UV) Spectrometer for the detection and quantification of various compounds. For in-depth physicochemical characterization, NTUA PL is equipped with a Laser Particle Analyzer for detailed particle size distribution analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for high-resolution imaging at the nano-scale.